https://coswiki.qacos.com/ 2026-06-02T17:21:02+00:00 https://coswiki.qacos.com/ https://coswiki.qacos.com/lib/tpl/dokuwiki/images/favicon.ico text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed01&rev=1614114919&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist No. 1 A Dangerous Plan Of Benefit Only To The "Aristocratick Combination" From The Boston Gazette and Country Journal, November 26, 1787. I am pleased to see a spirit of inquiry burst the band of constraint upon the subject of the NEW PLAN for consolidating the governments of the United States, as recommended by the late Convention. If it is suitable to the GENIUS and HABITS of the citizens of these states, it will bear the strictest scruti… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed02&rev=1614114926&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 2 We Have Been Told Of Phantoms This essay is an excerpted from a speech of William Grayson, June 11, 1788, in Jonathan Elliot (ed. ), The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, (Philadelphia, 1876) 5 vols. , III, 274-79. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed03&rev=1614114916&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 3 New Constitution Creates A National Government; Will Not Abate Foreign Influence; Dangers Of Civil War And Despotism ---------- Like the nome de plume "Publius" used by pro Constitution writers in the Federalist Papers, several Anti-Federalists signed their writings "A FARMER. " While the occupation of the writers may not have coincided with the name given, the arguments against consolidating power in the hands of a central government… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed04&rev=1614114923&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 4 Foreign Wars, Civil Wars, And Indian Wars – Three Bugbears ---------- Patrick Henry was a somewhat the antithesis to James Madison of Federalist note. While every bit as emotional a writer, Henry (who penned the well remembered text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed05&rev=1614114917&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 5 SCOTLAND AND ENGLAND - A CASE IN POINT ---------- The ongoing Federalist essays appeared from October of 1787 to May of 1788. Rebuttals, Anti-Federalist in nature, to Federalist writers were seldom published. This selection was an answer to Publius [John Jay] Federalist No. 5. This article by "AN OBSERVER" was printed in The New-York Journal and was reprinted in the [Boston] American Herald on December 3, 1787. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed06&rev=1614114912&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 6 The Hobgoblins Of Anarchy And Dissensions Among The States ---------- One of largest series of Anti-Federalist essays was penned under the pseudonym “CENTINEL. ” The Philadelphia Independent Gazetteer ran this 24 essay series between October 5, 1787 and November 24, 1788. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed07&rev=1614114911&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 7 Adoption Of The Constitution Will Lead To Civil War ---------- "PHILANTHROPOS," (an anonymous Virginia Anti-federalist) appeared in The Virginia Journal and Alexandria Advertiser, December 6, 1787, writing his version of history under the proposed new Constitution. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:25+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed08&rev=1614114925&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 8 The Power Vested In Congress Of Sending Troops For Suppressing Insurrections Will Always Enable Them To Stifle The First Struggles Of Freedom ---------- "A FEDERAL REPUBLICAN" (from Virginia) had his 'letter to the editor' appear in The Norfolk and Portsmouth Register March 5, 1788. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed09&rev=1614114913&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 9 A Consolidated Government Is A Tyranny ---------- "MONTEZUMA," regarded as a Pennsylvanian, wrote this essay which appeared October 17, 1787 in the Independent Gazetteer. We the Aristocratic party of the United States, lamenting the many inconveniences to which the late confederation subjected the well-born, the better kind of people, bringing them down to the level of the rabble - and holding in utter detestation that frontispiece … text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed10&rev=1614114916&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 10 On The Preservation Of Parties, Public Liberty Depends ---------- This essay follows a theme similar to Federalist No. 10, and appeared in the Maryland Gazette and Baltimore Advertiser, March 18, 1788. The opposite qualities of the first confederation were rather caused by than the cause of two parties, which from its first existence began and have continued their operations, I believe, unknown to their country and almost unknown t… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed11&rev=1614114920&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 11 Unrestricted Power Over Commerce Should Not Be Given The National Government ---------- Scholars regard James Winthrop of Cambridge, Mass. to be the "Agrippa" who contributed the series to The Massachusetts Gazette from November 23, 1787 to February 5, 1788. This is a compilation of excerpts from "Agrippa's" letters of December 14, 18, 25, and 28, 1787, taken from Ford, Essays, pp. 70-73, 76-77, 79-81. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed12&rev=1614114915&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 12 ===== How Will The New Government Raise Money? ===== "CINCINNATUS" is an Anti-Federalist writer. In this essay, from an Address to a Meeting of the Citizens of Philadelphia, the writer responds to James Wilson's statements about Congress' powers to tax under the Constitution. It appeared in the November 29 and December 6, 1787, New-York Journal, as reprinted from a Philadelphia newspaper. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed13&rev=1614114923&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 13 The Expense Of The New Government ---------- Part 1: From The Freeman's Oracle and New Hampshire Advertiser, January 11, 1788, by “A FARMER” Part 2: An unsigned essay from The Connecticut Journal, October 17, 1787. Part 1 text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed14&rev=1614114926&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 14 Extent Of Territory Under Consolidated Government Too Large To Preserve Liberty Or Protect Property ---------- George Clinton, Governor of New York, was an adversary of the Constitution. He composed several letters under the nome de plume "CATO. " This essay is from the third letter of "Cato," The New-York Journal of October 25, 1787. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed15&rev=1614114914&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 15 Rhode Island Is Right! ---------- This essay appeared in The Massachusetts Gazette, December 7, 1787, as reprinted From The Freeman's Journal; (Or, The North-American Intelligencer?) The abuse which has been thrown upon the state of Rhode Island seems to be greatly unmerited. Popular favor is variable, and those who are now despised and insulted may soon change situations with the present idols of the people. Rhode Island has out d… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:25+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed16&rev=1614114925&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 16 Europeans Admire And Federalists Decry The Present System ---------- "ALFRED" defended the Articles of Confederation, taken from The New-York Journal, December 25, 1787 as reprinted from the [Philadelphia] Independent Gazetteer. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed17&rev=1614114926&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 17 Federalist Power Will Ultimately Subvert State Authority ---------- The "necessary and proper" clause has, from the beginning, been a thorn in the side of those seeking to reduce federal power, but its attack by Brutus served to call attention to it, leaving a paper trail of intent verifying its purpose was not to give Congress anything the Constitution "forgot," but rather to show two additional tests for any legislation Congress sh… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed18&rev=1614114918&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 18 - 20 What Does History Teach? (Part I) ---------- "AN OLD WHIG," taken from The Massachusetts Gazette, November 27, 1787, as reprinted from the [Philadelphia] Independent Gazetteer. . . . . By the proposed constitution, every law, before it passes, is to undergo repeated revisions; and the constitution of every state in the union provide for the revision of the most trifling laws, either by their passing through different houses of… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed21&rev=1614114922&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 21 Why The Articles Failed ---------- This essay is composed of excerpts from "CENTINEL" letters appearing in the (Philadelphia) Independent Gazetteer, October 5 and November 30, 1787. That the present confederation is inadequate to the objects of the union, seems to be universally allowed. The only question is, what additional powers are wanting to give due energy to the federal government? We should, however, be careful, in forming … text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:24+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed22&rev=1614114924&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 22 Articles Of Confederation Simply Requires Amendments, Particularly For Commercial Power And Judicial Power; Constitution Goes Too Far ---------- Benjamin Austin of Massachusetts, used the pen-name "CANDIDUS. " Taken from two letters by "Candidus" which appeared in the [Boston] Independent Chronicle, December 6 and 20, 1787. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed23&rev=1614114910&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 23 Certain Powers Necessary For The Common Defense, Can And Should Be Limited ---------- In Federalist No. 23, Alexander Hamilton spoke of the necessity for an energetic government. "BRUTUS" replied, as taken from the 7th and 8th essays of "Brutus" in The New-York Journal, January 3 and 10, 1788. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed24&rev=1614114915&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 24 OBJECTIONS TO A STANDING ARMY (PART I) ---------- The first essay is taken from the ninth letter of "BRUTUS" which appeared in The New-York Journal, January 17, 1788. . . . . Standing armies are dangerous to the liberties of a people. . . . [If] necessary, the truth of the position might be confirmed by the history of almost every nation in the world. A cloud of the most illustrious patriots of every age and country, where freedom … text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed25&rev=1614114917&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 25 Objections To A Standing Army (Part II) ---------- From the tenth letter of "BRUTUS" appearing in The New-York Journal, January 24, 1788. The liberties of a people are in danger from a large standing army, not only because the rulers may employ them for the purposes of supporting themselves in any usurpations of power, which they may see proper to exercise; but there is great hazard, that an army will subvert the forms of the gover… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed26&rev=1614114914&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 26 The Use Of Coercion By The New Government (Part 1) ---------- "A FARMER AND PLANTER" had his work printed in The Maryland Journal, and Baltimore Advertiser, April 1, 1788. The time is nearly at hand, when you are called upon to render up that glorious liberty you obtained, by resisting the tyranny and oppression of George the Third, King of England, and his ministers. The first Monday in April is the day appointed by our assembly, … text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed27&rev=1614114923&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 27 The Use Of Coercion By The New Government (Part 2) ---------- "JOHN HUMBLE's," following piece was published in the Independent Gazetteer, October 29, 1787. The humble address of the low-born of the United States of America, to their fellow slaves scattered throughout the world - greeting: text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed28&rev=1614114926&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 28 The Use Of Coercion By The New Government (Part 3) ---------- This essay was published in either the (Philadelphia) Freeman's Journal; or, The North-American Intelligencer, January 16, 1788. The Congress under the new Constitution have the power text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed29&rev=1614114916&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 29 Objections To National Control Of The Militia ---------- "A DEMOCRATIC FEDERALIST," appeared in "the Pennsylvania Packet," October 23, 1787; the following portion of #29, & #30 are excerpted from "The Address And Reasons Of Dissent Of The Minority Of The Convention Of The State Of Pennsylvania To Their Constituents," December 12, 1787. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed30-31&rev=1614114919&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 30-31 A Virginia Anti-Federalist On The Issue Of Taxation ---------- From The Freeman's Journal; or, The North-American Intelligencer, October 31, 1787. . . . . It has been the language, since the peace, of the most virtuous and discerning men in America, that the powers vested in Congress were inadequate to the procuring of the benefits that should result from the union. It was found that our national character was sinking in the opi… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed32&rev=1614114919&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 32 Federal Taxation And The Doctrine Of Implied Powers (Part 1) ---------- A powerful rebuttal of Hamilton, the logic of Brutus can be found in a supreme Court decision of 1819, McCulloch v. Maryland. Taken from "Brutus" fifth essay, The New-York Journal of December 13, 1787. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed33&rev=1614114911&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 33 Federal Taxation And The Doctrine Of Implied Powers (Part 2) ---------- The Federalist writers apparently never responded to "BRUTUS. " The following "Brutus" article was extracted from his sixth essay, The New-York Journal of December 27, 1787. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed34&rev=1614114917&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 34 The Problem Of Concurrent Taxation ---------- The following speech by Patrick Henry was delivered to the Virginia ratifying convention, June 5, 1788. I never will give up the power of direct taxation but for a scourge. I am willing to give it conditionally; that is, after non-compliance with requisitions. I will do more, sir, and what I hope will convince the most skeptical man that I am a lover of the American Union - that, in cas… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed35&rev=1614114918&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 35 Federal Taxing Power Must Be Restrained ---------- George Mason of Virginia opposed the Constitution because it lacked a Bill of Rights, and centralized powers further than he felt it necessary. Mason delivered the following speech before the Virginia ratifying convention, June 4, 1788. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:24+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed36&rev=1614114924&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 36 Representation And Internal Taxation ---------- Richard Henry Lee was arguably the best known Anti-Federalist writer. His pamphlets were widely distributed and reprinted in newspapers. Anti-Federalist Papers No. 36 & No. 37 are excerpts from his first pamphlet. Anti-Federalist Nos. 41, 42, 43, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 69, 76-77 are taken from his second pamphlet. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed37&rev=1614114909&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 37 Factions And The Constitution . . . . To have a just idea of the government before us, and to show that a consolidated one is the object in view, it is necessary not only to examine the plan, but also its history, and the politics of its particular friends. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed38&rev=1614114920&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 38 Some Reactions To Federalist Arguments ---------- This was an essay by "BRUTUS JUNIOR" which appeared in The New-York Journal on November 8, 1787. Two articles by "A COUNTRYMAN" were written by DeWitt Clinton, and appeared also in the New York Journal on January 10 and February 14, 1788. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed39&rev=1614114918&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 39 Appearance And Reality - The Form Is Federal; The Effect Is National ---------- The following excerpt is from the essays of "A FARMER. " It appeared in the Philadelphia Independent Gazetteer on April 15 and 22, 1788. . . . . The Freeman, in his second number, after mentioning in a very delusory manner diverse powers which remain with the states, says we shall find many other instances under the constitution which require or imply t… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed40&rev=1614114911&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 40 On The Motivations And Authority Of The Founding Fathers ---------- Anti-Federalist No. 40 is a compilation of articles. It was a common saying among many sensible men in Great Britain and Ireland, in the time of the war, that they doubted whether the great men of America, who had taken an active part in favor of independence, were influenced by pure patriotism; that it was not the love of their country they had so much at heart, a… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed41-43&rev=1614114922&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 41-43 "The Quantity Of Power The Union Must Possess Is One Thing; The Mode Of Exercising The Powers Given Is Quite A Different Consideration" ==== Part A ==== Taken from "THE FEDERAL FARMER" . . . . A federal republic in itself supposes state or local governments to exist, as the body or props, on which the federal bead rests, and that it cannot remain a moment after they cease. In erecting the federal government, and always in its co… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:24+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed44&rev=1614114924&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 44 What Congress Can Do; What A State Can Not ---------- "DELIBERATOR" appeared in The Freeman's Journal; or, The North-American Intelligencer, February 20, 1788. A writer in the Pennsylvania Packet, under the signature of A Freeman, has lately entered the lists as another champion for the proposed constitution. Particularly he has endeavored to show that our apprehensions of this plan of government being a consolidation of the United… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed45&rev=1614114912&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 45 Powers Of National Government Dangerous To State Governments; New York As An Example ---------- Robert Yates, a delegate to the 1787 convention from New York, left on July 10, 1787. He became an Anti-Federalist leader. Under the nome de plume "Sydney" he wrote in the New York Daily Patriotic Register, June 13 and 14, 1788. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed46&rev=1614114913&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 46 "WHERE THEN IS THE RESTRAINT?" ---------- This essay by "AN OLD WHIG" appeared in the Maryland Gazette and Baltimore Advertiser on Nov. 2, 1788. (see also Nos. 18-20, 49, 50, and 70) Let us look to the first article of the proposed new constitution, which treats of the legislative powers of Congress; and to the eighth section, which pretends to define those powers. We find here that the Congress in its legislative capacity, shall h… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:25+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed47&rev=1614114925&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 47 "Balance" Of Departments Not Achieved Under New Constitution ---------- This essay is taken from "CENTINEL's," letters in The Independent Gazetteer, October 5 and 24, 1787 I am fearful that the principles of government inculcated in Mr. [John] Adams' treatise [Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America], and enforced in the numerous essays and paragraphs in the newspapers, have misled some well desig… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed48&rev=1614114920&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 48 No Separation Of Departments Results In No Responsibility ---------- "LEONIDAS," from London, obviously did not understand Article II Section I of the proposed new Constitution. But his works were welcomed in the London Times, and either The Freeman's Journal, or The North-American Intelligencer on July 30, 1788. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed49&rev=1614114914&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 49 On Constitutional Conventions (Part 1) ---------- The following essay is in two parts: the first is by "MASSACHUSETTENSIS," and is reprinted from The Massachusetts Gazette of January 29, 1788; the second part was written by "AN OLD WHIG," and is taken from The New-York Journal of November 27, 1787. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:27+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed50&rev=1614114927&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 50 On Constitutional Conventions (Part 2) ---------- Anti-Federalists sought a second constitutional convention immediately after conclusion of the first. This essay by "AN OLD WHIG," is from either The Freeman's Journal or The North-American Intelligencer, of November 28, 1787. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed51&rev=1614114917&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTI-FEDERALIST No. 51 Do Checks And Balances Really Secure The Rights Of The People? ---------- This satire is from a pamphlet of "ARISTOCROTIS," The Government of Nature Delineated; Or An Exact Picture of the New Federal Constitution (Carlisle, PA, 1788) text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed52&rev=1614114912&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 52 On The Guarantee Of Congressional Biennial Elections ---------- The following essay was signed by Consider Arms, Malichi Maynard, and Samuel Field. It was taken from The Hampshire Gazette of April 9, 1788. We the subscribers being of the number, who did not assent to the ratification of the federal constitution, under consideration in the late state convention, held at Boston, to which we were called by the suffrages of the corporat… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed53&rev=1614114913&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 53 ===== A Plea For The Right Of Recall ===== "AMICUS" appeared in the Columbian Herald, August 28, 1788. Some time before a Convention of the United States was held, I mentioned in a paragraph which was published in one of the Charlestown papers, that it would be acting wisely in the formation of a constitution for a free government, to enact, that the electors should recall their representatives when they thought proper, although they… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed54&rev=1614114920&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 54 Apportionment And Slavery: Northern And Southern Views ---------- This four part essay shows both northern and southern dissatisfaction with the Great Compromise The first is taken from the third essay of BRUTUS. The second: from the speeches of Rawlins Lowndes to the South Carolina ratifying convention on January 16, 17, and 18, 1788. The third: from the sixth essay by CATO. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed55&rev=1614114919&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 55 Will The House Of Representatives Be Genuinely Representative? (Part 1) ---------- Following are four essays by THE FEDERAL FARMER . . . . It being impracticable for the people to assemble to make laws, they must elect legislators, and assign men to the different departments of the government. In the representative branch we must expect chiefly to collect the confidence of the people, and in it to find almost entirely the force of p… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed56&rev=1614114914&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 56 Will The House Of Representatives Be Genuinely Representative? (Part 2) . . . . Why in England have the revolutions always ended in stipulations in favor of general liberty, equal laws, and the common rights of the people, and in most other countries in favor only of a few influential men? The reasons, in my mind, are obvious. In England the people have been substantially represented in many respects; in the other countries it has not… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed57&rev=1614114920&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 57 Will The House Of Representatives Be Genuinely Representative? (Part 3) . . . . But the people must elect good men. Examine the system - is it practicable for them to elect fit and proper representatives where the number is so small? But the people may choose whom they please. This is an observation, I believe, made without due attention to facts and the state of the community, To explain my meaning, I will consider the descriptions o… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed58&rev=1614114921&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 58 Will The House Of Representatives Be Genuinely Representative? (Part 4) It is said that our people have a high sense of freedom, possess power, property, and the strong arm; meaning, I presume, that the body of the people can take care of themselves, and awe their rulers; and, therefore, particular provision in the constitution for their security may not be essential. When I come to examine these observations, they appear to me too tr… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed59&rev=1614114921&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 59 The Danger Of Congressional Control Of Elections ---------- Alexander Hamilton, in Federalist #59, addresses this same topic from an opposing viewpoint. This essay was written anonymously by VOX POPULI, and appeared in The Massachusetts Gazette on October 30, 1787. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed60&rev=1614114915&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 60 Will The Constitution Promote The Interests Of Favorite Classes? ---------- John F. Mercer of Maryland was the author of this essay, taken from his testimony to members of the ratifying conventions of New York and Virginia, 1788, (From the Etting Collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. ) text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed61&rev=1614114913&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 61 Questions And Comments On The Constitutional Provisions Regarding The Election Of Congressmen . . . . It is well observed by Montesquieu, that in republican governments the forms of elections are fundamental; and that it is an essential part of the social compact, to ascertain by whom, to whom, when, and in what manner, suffrages are to be given. Wherever we find the regulation of elections have not been carefully fixed by the constit… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed62&rev=1614114910&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 62 On The Organization And Powers Of The Senate(Part 1) ---------- Taken from the 16th essay of Brutus from The New York Journal of April 10, 1788. The following things may be observed with respect to the constitution of the Senate. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed63&rev=1614114909&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 63 On The Organization And Powers Of The Senate (Part 2) . . . . The senate is an assembly of 26 members, two from each state; though the senators are apportioned on the federal plan, they will vote individually. They represent the states, as bodies politic, sovereign to certain purposes. The states being sovereign and independent, are all considered equal, each with the other in the senate. In this we are governed solely by the ideal eq… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed64&rev=1614114909&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 64 On The Organization And Powers Of The Senate (Part 3) ---------- Taken from the New York Journal, Nov. 22, 1787 by CINCINNATUS It appears to have been written in answer to James Wilson's Anti-Federalist # 12) I come now, sir, to the most exceptionable part of the Constitution - the Senate. In this, as in every other part, you [James Wilson of Pennsylvania] are in the line of your profession Law], and on that ground assure your fello… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed65&rev=1614114917&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 65 On The Organization And Powers Of The Senate (Part 4) (by Gilbert Livingston and John Lansing delivered on June 24, 1788 to the New York ratifying convention) Mr. G[ilbert] LIVINGSTON rose, and addressed the chair. He, in the first place, considered the importance of the Senate as a branch of the legislature, in three points of view: text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed66&rev=1614114923&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 66 From North Carolina Mr. JOSEPH TAYLOR objected to the provision made for impeaching. He urged that there could be no security from it, as the persons accused were triable by the Senate, who were a part of the legislature themselves; that, while men were fallible, the senators were liable to errors, especially in a case where they were concerned themselves. . . . text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed67&rev=1614114921&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 67 Various Fears Concerning The Executive Department ---------- From the CATO letters of George Clinton, taken from The New-York Journal of November 8, 1787. I shall begin with observations on the executive branch of this new system; and though it is not the first in order, as arranged therein, yet being the chief, is perhaps entitled by the rules of rank to the first consideration. The executive power as described in the 2d article, c… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:24+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed68&rev=1614114924&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 68 ===== On The Mode Of Electing The President ===== From a speech by William Grayson given to the Virginia ratifying convention on June 18, 1788. Mr. [William] GRAYSON. Mr. Chairman, one great objection with me is this: If we advert to. . . . . [the] democratical, aristocratical, or executive branch, we shall find their powers are perpetually varying and fluctuating throughout the whole. Perhaps the democratic branch would be well const… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed69&rev=1614114916&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 69 ===== The Character Of The Executive Office ===== by Richard Henry Lee – "The Federal Farmer" The great object is, in a republican government, to guard effectually against perpetuating any portion of power, great or small, in the same man or family. This perpetuation of power is totally uncongenial to the true spirit of republican governments. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed70&rev=1614114911&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 70 The Powers And Dangerous Potentials Of His Elected Majesty ---------- AN OLD WHIG's essay fromThe New-York Journal of December 11, 1787. . . . . In the first place the office of president of the United States appears to me to be clothed with such powers as are dangerous. To be the fountain of all honors in the United States - commander in chief of the army, navy, and militia; with the power of making treaties and of granting pardons… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed71&rev=1614114915&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 71 The Presidential Term Of Office Part 1:Luther Martin, The Genuine Information , 1788 By our original articles of confederation any alterations proposed, are in the first place to be approved by Congress. - Accordingly as the resolutions were originally adopted by the convention, and as they were reported by the committee of detail, it was proposed that this system should be laid before Congress for their approbation; but, Sir, the wa… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:25+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed72&rev=1614114925&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 72 On The Electoral College; On Reeligibility Of The President ---------- By an anonymous writer REPUBLICUS, appearing in The Kentucky Gazette on March 1, 1788. . . I go now to Art. 2, Sec. 1, which vest the supreme continental executive power in a president - in order to the choice of whom, the legislative body of each state is empowered to point out to their constituents some mode of choice, or (to save trouble) may choose themselves… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed73&rev=1614114910&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 73 Does The Presidential Veto Power Infringe On The Separation Of Departments? ---------- "WILLIAM PENN," an anonymous writer appeared in the [Philadelphia] Independent Gazetteer on January 3, 1788. . . . I believe that it is universally agreed upon in this enlightened country, that all power residing originally in the people, and being derived from them, they ought to be governed by themselves only, or by their immediate representativ… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed74&rev=1614114916&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 74 The President As Military King ---------- "PHILADELPHIENSIS," who was influenced by Thomas Paine (in "Common Sense), wrote the following selection. It is taken from 3 essays which appeared February 6 & 20, and April 9 of 1788 in either The Freeman's Journal or, The North-American Intelligencer. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed75&rev=1614114922&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 75 A Note Protesting The Treaty-Making Provisions Of The Constitution ---------- The following essay was penned anonymously by "HAMPDEN," and it appeared in The Pittsburgh Gazette on February 16, 1788. .... It may be freely granted, that from a mistaken zeal in favor of that political liberty which was so recently purchased at so costly a rate, even good men may give it [the constitution] unreasonable opposition; but such men cannot be… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed76-77&rev=1614114918&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 76-77 An Anti-Federalist View Of The Appointing Power Under The Constitution ---------- by Richard Henry Lee . . . . In contemplating the necessary officers of the union, there appear to be six different modes in which, in whole or in part, the appointments may be made. 1. by the legislature; 2. by the president and the senate; 3. by the president and an executive council; 4. by the president alone; 5. by the heads of the departments; … text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed78-79&rev=1614114912&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 78-79 The Power Of The Judiciary (Part 1) ---------- Part one is taken from the first part of the “Brutus's” 15th essay of The New-York Journal on March 20, 1788; Part two is part one of his 16th of the New York Journal of April 10, 1788. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed80&rev=1614114911&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 80 The Power Of The Judiciary (Part 2) ---------- From the 11th essay of "Brutus" taken from The New-York Journal, January 31, 1788. The nature and extent of the judicial power of the United States, proposed to be granted by the constitution, claims our particular attention. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed81&rev=1614114915&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 81 The Power Of The Judiciary (Part 3) ---------- Part 1: from the 12th essay by “Brutus” from the February 7th & 14th (1788) issues of The New-York Journal Part 2: Taken from the first half of the 14th essay February 28, 1788. text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed82&rev=1614114926&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 82 The Power Of The Judiciary (Part 4) ---------- Part 1: Part 2 of “Brutus'” 14th essay (from the March 6, 1788, New-York Journal) Part 2: The final segment of the 15th essay (March 20, 1788 New York Journal) It may still be insisted that this clause [on appellate jurisdiction] does not take away the trial by jury on appeals, but that this may be provided for by the legislature, under that paragraph which authorises them to form regu… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed83&rev=1614114912&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 83 The Federal Judiciary And The Issue Of Trial By Jury ---------- by Luther Martin of Maryland . . . . in all those cases, where the general government has jurisdiction in civil questions, the proposed Constitution not only makes no provision for the trial by jury in the first instance, but, by its appellate jurisdiction, absolutely takes away that inestimable privilege, since it expressly declares the Supreme Court shall have appella… text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed84&rev=1614114921&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 84 On The Lack Of A Bill Of Rights ---------- By "BRUTUS" When a building is to be erected which is intended to stand for ages, the foundation should be firmly laid. The Constitution proposed to your acceptance is designed, not for yourselves alone, but for generations yet unborn. The principles, therefore, upon which the social compact is founded, ought to have been clearly and precisely stated, and the most express and full declarati… text/html 2023-01-21T19:10:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:antifed85&rev=1674346210&do=diff Index to the Anti-Federalist Papers ANTIFEDERALIST No. 85 Concluding Remarks: Evils Under Confederation Exaggerated; Constitution Must Be Drastically Revised Before Adoption ---------- By Melancthon Smith (a "PLEBIAN") . . . . It is agreed, the plan is defective - that some of the powers granted are dangerous - others not well defined - and amendments are necessary - why then not amend it? Why not remove the cause of danger, and, if possible, even the apprehension of it? The instrument is … text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:25+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:authors&rev=1614114925&do=diff Anti-Federalist Authors The Anti-Federalist Authors PSEUDONYM : Real Name where known ---------- Column 1 Column 2 A COLUMBIAN PATRIOT : Mercy WarrenHELVIDIUS PRISCUS : James WarrenA COUNTRYMAN : DeWitt ClintonJOHN HUMBLEA CUSTOMER LEONIDAS text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:history&rev=1614114911&do=diff History and Purpose During the period from the drafting and proposal of the federal Constitution in September, 1787, until its ratification in 1789 there was an intense debate on ratification. The principal arguments in favor of it were stated in the series written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay called the Federalist Papers, although they were not as widely read as numerous independent local speeches and articles. The arguments against ratification appeared in various forms, by various authors, … text/html 2021-02-23T16:15:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://coswiki.qacos.com/doku.php?id=historicaldocuments:anti-federalist:index&rev=1614114919&do=diff Index - Anti-Federalist Papers General Information History and Purpose Authors Part 1. Responses to "The importance of the Union" (Anti-Fed #1 - #14) Chapter 1: A Dangerous Plan Of Benefit Only To The "Aristocratick Combination" Chapter 2: We Have Been Told Of Phantoms Chapter 3: New Constitution Creates A National Government; Will Not Abate Foreign Influence; Dangers Of Civil War And Despotism Chapter 4: Foreign Wars, Civil Wars, And Indian Wars - Three Bugbears Chapter 5: Scotland And…